1848 James W. Marshall discovered a gold nugget at Sutter's Mill in northern California, sparking the gold rush of '49.
1943 President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill concluded a wartime conference in Casablanca, Morocco.
1972 The Supreme Court struck down laws that denied welfare benefits to people who had resided in a state for less than a year
1986 The Voyager 2 space probe swept past Uranus, coming within 50,679 miles of the seventh planet from the sun.
1987 Gunmen in Lebanon kidnapped educators Alann Steen, Jesse Turner, Robert Polhill and Mitheleshwar Singh. All were later released
1989 Confessed serial killer Ted Bundy was put to death in Florida's electric chair for the 1978 kidnap-murder of 12-year-old Kimberly Leach.
1993 Retired Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall died at age 84.
1995 The prosecution gave its opening statement in the O.J. Simpson murder trial.
2003 The new federal Department of Homeland Security officially opened as Tom Ridge was sworn in as secretary.
2004 NASA's Opportunity rover landed on Mars three weeks after its identical twin, Spirit
2008 French bank Societe Generale announced it had uncovered a $7.14 billion fraud by a single futures trader.
